Challenges
The judge proposes; it does not have the last word. A bonded, on-chain challenge game lets anyone contest the judge's reading, and pays them if they are right.
The challenge window
When the judge proposes an outcome, a 48-hour challenge window opens before it can finalize. Inside that window, anyone may challenge by posting a bond and a cited counter-reading of the committed evidence. Outside it, an unchallenged proposal finalizes as proposed.
Bonds & the arbiter
A challenge posts a bond, and the judge itself is bonded when it proposes. A challenge routes the market to an arbiter, which rules on the same committed evidence the judge was given, it cannot introduce new sources. The mechanism is UMA's optimistic-oracle pattern, narrowed to the frozen evidence plan.
Outcomes
No-shows
The state machine is bounded on both sides. If the judge never proposes within its window, a dead-man path finalizes the market INVALID so funds are never trapped. If a challenged market's arbiter never rules within its window, it likewise finalizes INVALID. Timeouts fail safe.